Facts about Electromobility: these are the advantages and disadvantages.
1. Environmental balance: How environmentally friendly are electric cars?
Electric cars are referred to as "emission-free" because, unlike the internal combustion engine, they do not generate direct emissions. However, CO ₂ emissions and pollutants arise at the Electricity production, that have to be included.
At the Life cycle analysis come the CO ₂ emissions that come during the production of the respective vehicle incurred, added. Here it is the case that the electric car carries a CO ₂ backpack with it, which is significantly larger than that of cars with an internal combustion engine. This is due to the energy-intensive production of the battery cells.
In operation, the electric car removes the backpack – the cleaner the operating current is produced, the faster. The CO ₂ balance of the ADAC shows that the CO ₂ disadvantage of battery cars is compensated for from mileage of 50,000 to 100,000 kilometers.
2nd. Range: Do you come far enough in everyday life?
The actual Range of electrically powered vehicles depends on various factors: on the use of electrical consumers, the respective outside temperature and above all on individual driving behavior. In the ADAC Ecotest all vehicles are tested under identical conditions. An electric cycle with a reduced proportion of motorways is operated with the daytime running lights switched on, air conditioning and payload. Here you will find the ones determined by the ADAC Consumption values and ranges of current electric cars.
Electric cars that have been tested using the current Ecotest measurement method achieve an average of 15 to 20 percent higher electricity consumption or shorter ranges than the manufacturers say according to the WLTP cycle.
All test cycles are carried out at temperatures around 20 degrees Celsius for reasons of comparability. In very cold or warm months, therefore Loss of range to calculate, in winter, for example, with 10 to 30 percent. What percentage the ranges decrease, when an electric car pulls a trailer or transports bicycles, the ADAC measured in different scenarios.
As more and more electric cars with real ranges from 300 to 400 kilometers and Fast charging services of up to 350 kW and at the same time the quick shop network is growing longer distances always better can be covered with electric cars.
In the meantime, more and more electric cars with different battery sizes are being offered. Here you can read, which battery size is ideal for the respective use.
3rd. Cost: Are electric cars too expensive?
If you look at gross list prices alone, electric cars are expensive. Considering the total operating costs with taxes, insurance, maintenance, energy costs etc. ) and due to the current environmental bonus electric cars often drive surprisingly cheaply compared to a car with an internal combustion engine that is comparable in engine performance and equipment. Depending on the personal usage scenario they can loud ADAC cost comparison for electric cars so quite calculate – especially with higher annual mileage and with favorable charging current.
4th. Load infrastructure: are there enough charging stations?
With regard to the charging infrastructure, there are still concerns and skepticism – often not without reason, like that ADAC test of the charging infrastructure shows. Because while conventional petrol stations are easy to find and uncomplicated to use and pay, the preparation and Planning effort for the use of public charging stations rather unusual and complex.
In recent years, a lot of money has been increasingly invested in the construction of charging stations Quick charging infrastructure invested. This means that a shop network with around 54,000 normal ( AC ) and 10,000 fast charging points ( DC ) has now been created in the city and country and on motorways ( Federal Network Agency as of July 2022 ). Now it is important to adapt the infrastructure according to the growing demand so that there are no bottlenecks.
5. Power supply: where should the electricity come from? Are networks breaking together?
Based on the current situation of the electricity market in Germany probably no major problems in the medium term to expect. 10 million electric cars would have an additional electricity requirement of 5.6 percent or. 30 TWh mean. And you have to know: In 2020, a current surplus of 18 TWh was exported. This would have enabled six million electric cars to be operated purely mathematically. In addition, steady increases in efficiency and energy savings in lighting, buildings and industrial plants are likely to compensate for part of the additional demand for electromobility.
The market ramp-up of the Electromobility will take place over a longer period of time. The far greater challenge is closely related to the Energy transition, in which the amounts of electricity that will cease to exist with the nuclear phase-out at the end of 2022 and the coal phase-out by 2038 must be compensated – also because wind and solar power can only be generated, when nature is playing.
In the past, electricity generation was based on predictable and predictable consumption forecasts. In the future, however, it will be more difficult Base load as well as the fluctuating electricity requirements "to cover "just in time. In addition to the expansion of wind and photovoltaic systems, storage solutions will also be necessary. The storage and buffer capacities of electric cars will become increasingly important in a future power grid.
On the other hand, the number of electric vehicles increases Danger of local network congestion. For this reason, a reporting requirement was introduced for home charging stations with an output of up to 11 kW, and an approval requirement for 12 kW. A contractility of charging processes for grid stabilization comparable to PV systems is in preparation. Knowing when consumers tap electricity at the same time, the distribution system operators can specifically strengthen and expand the network and in future distribute charging processes in a coordinated manner over the night.
6. Batteries: How long does the drive battery last?
Many people have found that batteries in an electronic device ( cell phone, laptop, Digicam ) lose their performance and have to be replaced after a relatively short time. In principle, every petrochemical energy store wears out, on the one hand over time and on the other hand about the use ( loading-unloading cycles ).
Understandably, many drivers are therefore initially skeptical whether a new technology can offer the reliability that they have experienced over the years with conventionally driven vehicles.
The ADAC also wanted to know this and has had various vehicles of the first electric auto generation for a long time since 2012 End test underwent the vehicles and drive batteries.
The conclusion: the vehicles and the batteries do what they promise. The loss of storage capacity has so far remained within the normal range and also within the limits of the guarantee periods. Manufacturers generally grant 8-year guarantees on the battery with mileage of 160,000 kilometers to 70 percent of the battery capacity. With Lexus, the first manufacturer has already given a 10-year or 1 million-kilometer guarantee on the drive battery. Since the lifespan depends not only on the calendar aging but also on the charging cycles, larger batteries last longer than small batteries due to the rarer charging processes.
In order to ensure in the specific case how the state of the battery is ordered, the ADAC offers one Battery check both in ADAC test centers and online for self-implementation. Checking with a certificate is an important topic, especially when buying used cars.
7. Battery and guarantee: How expensive is a battery defect?
The drive battery is by far the most expensive component of an electric car. If a defect occurs after the warranty expires, most manufacturers promise to be able to replace individual cell modules. In this case, the battery would not have to be completely replaced –, which could be extremely expensive.
As more and more vehicles will leave the warranty period in the coming years, it is now up to the manufacturers to provide timely repair solutions for these cars to offer. As of today, the local workshops are usually not yet able to do so. Repairs are usually carried out in central battery centers.
8th. Recycling: where to go with the drive batteries?
Batteries from electric cars can correctly be described as hazardous waste – as well as all small electrical appliances, waste oil, paints and much more from everyday life. According to the battery law must manufacturers or. Battery vendors take them back and treat according to the state of the art and recycle material.
Technologically speaking Recycling process already possible and available for lithium-ion drive batteries. By recycling, up to 95 percent of the relevant functional materials cobalt, nickel and copper can be recovered from the drive batteries. Lithium can also be recovered, but is currently still uneconomical due to low raw material prices. Here you will find a more detailed description of how Recycling of electric cars works.
Drive batteries that are no longer powerful enough for their use in the vehicle can still be used for many years in their "second life stationary electricity storage be used.
9. Raw material deposits: Are there enough lithium and cobalt?
According to Öko-Institut e.V., the global occurrence of Lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite and platinum the need clearly. However, there could be bottlenecks if the funding agencies are not opened up in time.
However, the promotion of raw materials for the construction of electric cars is included Environmental and social problems connected – like the extraction of many raw materials for other uses.
Often one should be mentioned high energy requirements, the possible emergence of acid mine water, conflicts over limited water resources as well unacceptable working conditions in mines. A sad example is child labor in promoting cobalt in the Congo. On the one hand, national governments are asked to change this. On the other hand, the car manufacturers who choose their suppliers can also control and pay attention to sustainability.
In recent years, virtually all manufacturers have made efforts to oblige their suppliers to high environmental and social standards. A sustainability aspect is often forgotten when it comes to raw material requirements: the oil for internal combustion engines is ultimately used up, but the raw materials of a battery can be recycled and reused at the end of life of the battery.
10. AC / DC: What does the charging time depend on?
In many cases, drivers see charging an electric car as a problem. Not entirely wrong. Because it takes significantly longer than refueling petrol or diesel at the petrol station, is unusual and not necessarily self-explanatory on public charging stations. Basically, the Charging time from the power source, the charging cable and the charger in the car.
From the Household socket only 2.3 kW of electricity flow. AC columns ( AC ) in the city output up to 22 kW, DC quick charging stations ( DC ) on the motorway now also offer 150 to 300 kW. The car is often the limiting element. When charging quickly, the maximum performance is determined by the battery management along the quick charge curve. Even if the battery is too cold or hot, less electricity flows. You can find it here Further information on quick charging and charging curves.
11. Recharge your batteries: Can you charge on any column? And what does it cost?
If you used to need the loading card of the respective column operator, the jungle has now cleared. Since about 2015 E-roaming networks established, which regulate and bill for each other the access to the charging stations, so that you now have access to most public charging stations with a loading card.
Unfortunately they are Loading costs sometimes very opaque: There is usually nothing on the pillars. And depending on the provider, the price on the same column can vary. After all, according to Eichrecht, the loading process must now according to the amount of energy charged in kilowatt hours – and no longer after loading. However, optional time fees for parking or "blocking fees" after the end of loading can still be added.
The ADAC offers its members a charging option at uniform and fair tariffs in Germany and other European countries with the ADAC e-charge loading card at.primarily link problems with them. You should know these arguments and facts.
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